Poorly crystalline iron and aluminium oxides contribute to the carbon saturation and sorption of dissolved organic carbon in the soil

Soil carbon (C) saturation implies an upper limit to a soil's capacity to store C depending on the contents of silt + clay and poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides. We hypothesized that the poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides in silt + clay fraction increased the C saturation and thus reduced the capacity of the soil to sorb additional C input. To test the hypothesis, we studied the sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on silt + clay fractions (<53 µm) of highly weathered oxic soils, collected from three different land uses (i.e., improved pasture, cropping and forest). Soils with high carbon saturation desorbed 38% more C than soils with low C saturation upon addition of DOC, whereas adsorption of DOC was only observed at higher concentration (>15 g kg^?1). While high Al oxide concentration significantly increased both the saturation and desorption of DOC, the high Fe oxide concentration significantly increased the desorption of DOC, supporting the proposition that both oxides have influence on the DOC sorption in soil. Our findings provide a new insight into the chemical control of stabilization and destabilization of DOC in soil.     

Glacier mass balance in High Mountain Asia inferred from a GRACE release-6 gravity solution for the period 2002–2016

We provide estimates of glacier mass changes in the High Mountain Asia (HMA) area from April2002 to August 2016 by employing a new version of gravity solutions of the Gravity Recovery and ClimateExperiment (GRACE) twin-satellite mission. We find a total mass loss trend of the HMA glaciers at a rateof –22.17 (±1.96) Gt/a. The largest mass loss rates of –7.02 (±0.94) and –6.73 (±0.78) Gt/a are found forthe glaciers in Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas, respectively. Although most glaciers inthe HMA area show a mass loss, we find a small glacier mass gain of 1.19 (±0.55) and 0.77 (±0.37) Gt/a inKarakoram Mountains and Western Kunlun Mountains, respectively. There is also a nearly zero massbalance in Pamirs. Our estimates of glacier mass change trends confirm previous results from the analysisof altimetry data of the ICESat (ICE, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite) and ASTER (AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) satellites inmost of the selected glacier areas. However, they largely differ to previous GRACE-based studies which weattribute to our different post-processing techniques of the newer GRACE data. In addition, we explicitlyshow regional mass change features for both the interannual glacier mass changes and the 14-a averagedseasonal glacier mass changes. These changes can be explained in parts by total net precipitation (netsnowfall and net rainfall) and net snowfall, but mostly by total net radiation energy when compared to datafrom the ERA5-Land meteorological reanalysis. Moreover, nearly all the non-trend interannual masschanges and most seasonal mass changes can be explained by the total net radiation energy data. The massloss trends could be partly related to a heat effect due to increased net rainfall in Tianshan Mountains, QilianMountains, Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas. Our new results for the glacier mass changein this study could help improve the understanding of glacier variation in the HMA area and contribute tothe study of global change. They could also serve the utilization of water resources there and in neighboringareas.     

沙棘果实中主要活性成分质量分布

沙棘作为一种抗逆性、适应性、萌蘖性较强的植物资源，被广泛应用于黄土丘陵地区荒山绿化、土壤改良、水土保持和砒砂岩治理。沙棘不仅具有良好的生态价值，其果实中富含多种生物活性物质。本文凝练了沙棘果实中活性化合物的构成、分布及活性特征，并对沙棘果实活性物质的研究进行展望。基于相关文献，针对黄酮、花青素、酚酸、有机酸、肌醇、维生素、类胡萝卜素、不饱和脂肪酸、甾醇等广泛存在于沙棘果实中的化学成分进行总结分析，提供沙棘果实中上述活性物质分布情况的综合信息。研究表明，针对沙棘果实中活性物质的构成、分布和活性特征的研究较为丰富，但在部分领域仍缺乏研究，如栽培技术条件对活性物质的影响，活性物质与沙棘果实加工中异味的关联性等。本文为沙棘果实在食品、药品及保健品行业中的综合利用提供了理论支撑，为促进沙棘资源在经济中的全面发展提供参考。      

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术同时测定大蒜中10种农药残留

建立了快速、准确测定大蒜中10种农药多残留的QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测技术。样品经酸化乙腈提取,无水硫酸镁(500 mg)除水后,用N-丙基乙二胺(PSA,500 mg)和十八烷基键合硅胶(C₁₈,500 mg)净化,以乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,Waters C₁₈色谱柱分离,采用正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。10种农药的检出限在0.020~0.800 μg·kg^-1,定量限在0.067~2.670 μg·kg^-1。线性范围内相关系数均大于0.99。加标回收率在73.4%~109.0%,相对标准偏差在1.2%~9.8%。结果表明,该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高、重现性好,可同时测定大蒜中10种农药。     

Disulphide structure of high-molecular-weight (HMW-) gliadins as affected by terminators

This study aimed at elucidating SS-bonds of HMW-gliadins (HGL) from wheat with the focus on terminators of glutenin polymerisation. HGL from wheat flour extracts non-treated or treated with the S-alkylation reagent N-ethylmaleinimide (NEMI) were compared. HGL from wheat flour Akteur were isolated, hydrolysed with thermolysin and the resulting peptides pre-separated by gel permeation chromatography and analysed by liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry using alternating electron transfer dissociation/collision-induced dissociation. Altogether, 22 and 28 SS-peptides from samples without and with NEMI treatment, respectively, were identified. Twenty-six peptides included standard SS-bonds of α- and γ-gliadins, high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits. Eleven SS-bonds were identified for the first time. Fifteen peptides unique to HGL contained cysteine residues from gliadins with an odd number of cysteines (ω5-, α- and γ-gliadins). Thus, gliadins with an odd number of cysteines, glutathione and cysteine had acted as terminators of glutenin polymerisation. Decisive differences between samples without and with NEMI treatment were not obvious showing that the termination of polymerisation was already completed in the flour. The two HGL samples, however, were different in the majority of ten peptides that included disulphide-linked low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols such as glutathione and cysteine with the former being enriched in the non-treated HGL-sample.     

颗粒肥料质量流量传感器设计与试验

变量施肥具有提高肥料利用率、保护生态环境、节约农业生产成本等优点，但目前还没有得到广泛的应用，除了难以获得变量施肥的处方图之外，缺乏闭环检测也是原因之一。闭环控制是实现变量施肥的关键之一，与间接测量排肥轴的转速相比，实时检测肥料的质量流量更为准确。本文基于静电感应原理，设计了一种颗粒肥料质量流量传感器。由于颗粒肥料之间、颗粒肥料与空气、颗粒肥料与排肥管之间的摩擦和碰撞，颗粒肥料会携带一定量的电荷，因此本研究设计了环形电极来检测电荷强度，并利用电流放大电路输出感应电流。通过标定质量流量与感应电流的关系，获得了实时的肥料质量流量。搭建试验台对该颗粒肥料质量流量传感器进行检测，试验台主要包括动态信号采集系统、肥料箱、电流放大器和环形电极传感器。以大颗粒尿素（CO(NH2)2）、过磷酸钙（Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O）和氯化钾（KCl）为研究对象，其平均容重分别为0.7、1.2、1.1g/cm3。根据施肥装置的物理参数，通过调整排肥轴转速可获得近似的目标质量流量，目标质量流量的范围是3~15g/s，增量为1g/s。对于每个质量流量，进行了4次重复。每次重复30s，施肥装置与信号采集系统同时启动。利用平均感应电流和平均质量流量建立回归方程，采用插值法得到实时质量流量。随后，对每种肥料进行25次试验，从而检验本文中颗粒肥料质量流量传感器的测量精度，每次试验的目标质量流量由5个随机质量流量组成，每个质量流量下持续排肥6s，用天平称量30s内的实际质量，通过积分质量流量和时间曲线计算检测质量。采用SPSS 22.0软件对试验结果进行统计分析，分析表明，大颗粒尿素、过磷酸钙、氯化钾的检测误差分别为3.9%、5.1%、5.9%，相应的标准差分别为5.21、7.98、11.29。检测质量与实际质量无显著性差异（P>0.1），大颗粒尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾检测误差的数学期望值分别为3.74%、4.93%、5.22%。本文的研究结果表明，检测误差随颗粒肥料粒径的减小而增大。     

超高效液相色谱—串联质谱法检测鸡血液样品中喹诺酮类药物残留

旨在建立鸡血液样品中多种喹诺酮类药物残留的超高效液相色谱—串联质谱方法。样品经乙腈提取,经Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C₁₈色谱柱分离,以甲醇和0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子（ESI⁺）模式电离,MRM扫描模式检测。经方法学验证,该方法的线性关系、回收率、精密度均符合要求。应用超高效液相色谱—串联质谱法建立了鸡血液样品中多种喹诺酮类药物同时检测的方法,实现了动物血液样品中12种喹诺酮类药物同时定性、定量分析。     

Compatibility of root growth and tuber production of potato cultivars with dynamic and static water‐saving irrigation managements

The important root characteristics of root length density (RLD) and root mass density (RMD) generally differ among irrigation managements and potato cultivars. The objective of this study was to investigate the RLD and RMD variations and their functional relationships with gross potato tuber yield for two commercial potato cultivars, Agria and Sante, under different irrigation strategies. Full irrigation and water‐saving irrigation strategies, deficit and partial root drying irrigations, were applied statically (S) and dynamically (D) based on daily crop evapotranspiration. Results showed that SPRD had significantly greater RLD (3.64 cm/cm³) and RMD (132.7 μg/cm³) than other irrigation treatments. Between the potato cultivars, Agria had significantly larger values of RLD (3.50 cm/cm³) and RMD (138.7 μg/cm³) than Sante. The functional relationship between the root growth characteristics and tuber yield showed that under water‐saving irrigations, Agria increased root mass at the expense of gross tuber yield but Sante increased root mass to maintain larger gross tuber yields. However, Agria produced more roots and gross tuber yield than Sante, and it is concluded that Agria is a more drought‐tolerant potato cultivar, which is recommended for tuber production in regions where water might be scarce. It was shown that larger root production in potatoes was associated with improved tolerance to water stress.     

香蕉中噻唑膦残留分析方法研究

建立香蕉中噻唑膦的超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)残留测定方法。香蕉样品采用乙腈提取和PSA+C18分散固相萃取,采用UPLC-MS/MS多反应模式(MRM)进行分析测定。噻唑膦在添加水平0.01~1.0 mg/kg范围内,平均回收率为94.3%~107.5%,相对标准偏差为7.9%~11.0%。采用外标法定量,方法的检出限为0.001μg/m L,定量限为0.005 mg/kg。该方法简单、准确、重复性较好且节省溶剂,适用于香蕉中噻唑膦的残留检测。     

Efficiency of fisheries is increasing at the ecosystem level

Managing fisheries presents trade‐offs between objectives, for example yields, profits, minimizing ecosystem impact, that have to be weighed against one another. These trade‐offs are compounded by interacting species and fisheries at the ecosystem level. Weighing objectives becomes increasingly challenging when managers have to consider opposing objectives from different stakeholders. An alternative to weighing incomparable and conflicting objectives is to focus on win–wins until Pareto efficiency is achieved: a state from which it is impossible to improve with respect to any objective without regressing at least one other. We investigate the ecosystem‐level efficiency of fisheries in five large marine ecosystems (LMEs) with respect to yield and an aggregate measure of ecosystem impact using a novel calibration of size‐based ecosystem models. We estimate that fishing patterns in three LMEs (North Sea, Barents Sea and Benguela Current) are nearly efficient with respect to long‐term yield and ecosystem impact and that efficiency has improved over the last 30 years. In two LMEs (Baltic Sea and North East US Continental Shelf), fishing is inefficient and win–wins remain available. We additionally examine the efficiency of North Sea and Baltic Sea fisheries with respect to economic rent and ecosystem impact, finding both to be inefficient but steadily improving. Our results suggest the following: (i) a broad and encouraging trend towards ecosystem‐level efficiency of fisheries; (ii) that ecosystem‐scale win–wins, especially with respect to conservation and profits, may still be common; and (iii) single‐species assessment approaches may overestimate the availability of win–wins by failing to account for trade‐offs across interacting species.